Malaria is a human life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium species. There are five major Plasmodium species known to infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. In 2019, approximately 229 million cases of malaria infection and 409,000 malaria deaths, the latter mostly due to P. falciparum, were reported in the world. P. vivax causes high levels of morbidity due to recurrent parasitaemia from reactivation of the dormant hypnozoites, yet despite its importance as the most widespread Plasmodium species, the absence of a reliable in vitro long-term culture system has impeded research into optimal interventions against the parasite. In addition, there are at least three non-human primate zoonotic malaria species such as P. simium, P. brasilianum which have recently emerged in South America, and P. cynomolgi in Southeast Asia. The study of emerging zoonotic malaria is also important to reduce future risk from host switching of non-human primate malaria. It is also a useful tool for vivax malaria in vitro models. For this reason, we need to characterize various Plasmodium species antigen identification from an integrated perspective.
The occurrence of clinical symptoms in malaria patients is dependent on the release and invasion of merozoites during the erythrocytic stage of the parasite. One single merozoite contains approximately 5,000 proteins for their survival which could be potential therapeutic targets. The malarial merozoite shares several antigen homologs between the species, however, the function of that antigen shows different properties. For example, Duffy Binding Like/Erythrocyte binding antigen (DBL/EBA) proteins of P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi interact with different human red blood cell receptors. However, some studies have shown that other malaria antigens can provide cross-species protective immunity. Current malaria vaccine development strategies focus on identifying a specific, immunogenic antigen which will stimulate protective humoral immune responses, and produce sufficient amount of the specific functional antibody to provide sterile immunity against malaria infection.
Thus, the study of an antigen’s characteristics will lead us to a better understanding of malaria biology and pathology. This basic research, at the genetic level all the way to protein function, is fundamentally important for future vaccine development against human Plasmodium species.
This Research Topic welcomes manuscripts on all Plasmodium species antigen characterization and identification such as human, rodent, avian, or non-human primate malaria. This wide range of Plasmodium species antigen characterization from gene to protein, will help us better understand infectious microorganisms’ evolution, genetic variation, and antigen function for future vaccine development.
We welcome the submission of Original Research articles and Review articles on the following subtopics:
• Specific antigen genetic diversity and natural selection pressure of Plasmodium species;
• Novel antigen characterization and/or identification in Plasmodium species;
• Evaluation of Plasmodium antigens as potential vaccine candidates or targets; and
• Serological prevalence study against specific Plasmodium antigens.
Malaria is a human life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium species. There are five major Plasmodium species known to infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. In 2019, approximately 229 million cases of malaria infection and 409,000 malaria deaths, the latter mostly due to P. falciparum, were reported in the world. P. vivax causes high levels of morbidity due to recurrent parasitaemia from reactivation of the dormant hypnozoites, yet despite its importance as the most widespread Plasmodium species, the absence of a reliable in vitro long-term culture system has impeded research into optimal interventions against the parasite. In addition, there are at least three non-human primate zoonotic malaria species such as P. simium, P. brasilianum which have recently emerged in South America, and P. cynomolgi in Southeast Asia. The study of emerging zoonotic malaria is also important to reduce future risk from host switching of non-human primate malaria. It is also a useful tool for vivax malaria in vitro models. For this reason, we need to characterize various Plasmodium species antigen identification from an integrated perspective.
The occurrence of clinical symptoms in malaria patients is dependent on the release and invasion of merozoites during the erythrocytic stage of the parasite. One single merozoite contains approximately 5,000 proteins for their survival which could be potential therapeutic targets. The malarial merozoite shares several antigen homologs between the species, however, the function of that antigen shows different properties. For example, Duffy Binding Like/Erythrocyte binding antigen (DBL/EBA) proteins of P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi interact with different human red blood cell receptors. However, some studies have shown that other malaria antigens can provide cross-species protective immunity. Current malaria vaccine development strategies focus on identifying a specific, immunogenic antigen which will stimulate protective humoral immune responses, and produce sufficient amount of the specific functional antibody to provide sterile immunity against malaria infection.
Thus, the study of an antigen’s characteristics will lead us to a better understanding of malaria biology and pathology. This basic research, at the genetic level all the way to protein function, is fundamentally important for future vaccine development against human Plasmodium species.
This Research Topic welcomes manuscripts on all Plasmodium species antigen characterization and identification such as human, rodent, avian, or non-human primate malaria. This wide range of Plasmodium species antigen characterization from gene to protein, will help us better understand infectious microorganisms’ evolution, genetic variation, and antigen function for future vaccine development.
We welcome the submission of Original Research articles and Review articles on the following subtopics:
• Specific antigen genetic diversity and natural selection pressure of Plasmodium species;
• Novel antigen characterization and/or identification in Plasmodium species;
• Evaluation of Plasmodium antigens as potential vaccine candidates or targets; and
• Serological prevalence study against specific Plasmodium antigens.